A histopathological study of the umbilical cord of the pregnant women infected with the pregnancy diabetes

Ahisttopathological study for samples of umbilicals cord from a group of the women infected with pregnancy diabetes competed with for samples of umbilical cords of group of the women that have a healthy pregnancy and considered as (control). Morphometicmethod has been used with using ocular lens for measuring the diameters of the blood vessels (arteries and veins) of umbilical cord and its thickness.The results have shown an increase in the thickness of the umbilical cord in general, and increasing in thickness and size of the walls of the two vessels and inflation in the endothelial tissues and its hyperhistogenesis with a narrowness in the cavity opening size of the umbilical vessels (artery,vein).

A histopathological study of the umbilical cord of the pregnant women infected with the pregnancy diabetes

Abstract:
Ahisttopathological study for samples of umbilicals cord from a group of the women infected with pregnancy diabetes competed with for samples of umbilical cords of group of the women that have a healthy pregnancy and considered as (control). Morphometic method has been used with using ocular lens for measuring the diameters of the blood vessels (arteries and veins) of umbilical cord and its thickness.
The results have shown an increase in the thickness of the umbilical cord in general, and increasing in thickness and size of the walls of the two vessels and inflation in the endothelial tissues and its hyperhistogenesis with a narrowness in the cavity opening size of the umbilical vessels (artery,vein).

Introduction:
Emberyologically the umbilical cord in human begins to form the 5 th week of embryo age (Langmans,2004) so it is responsible for the nourishing and providing the embryo with oxidized blood and food, where as it considered as contact point between the mother and the embryo.
The two umbilical arteries carry the blood from the umbilical cord to the placenta, while the vein returns through the umbilical cord from the placenta (Langman , 2004), thus the metabolic results for decreasing insulin is kitoacidosis (Hanas, 1998), especially, the pregnancy diabetes causing a constitutional deformation in the embryo. The probable damage of pregnancy diabetes effect begins whenever the pregnancy progresses, so the damage be double more in the late trimester of the pregnancy (Menegola et al., 1995).
The umbilical cord of the embryo of the health human consists of two arteries and single vein, and the structure of the umbilical cord vessels is similar to the blood vessels structure in different parts of the body (B. Yong and J.W.Health, 2000). The artery consists of the three fundamental tunicas for each blood vessel of in side (tunica-initima) that forms from of endothelial cells, beneath it there is a subendothilial layer forming of connective tissue layer with the fibers being colloid, follows it (tunica media) that is formed from of united-center layers of the smooth muscle cell, and from outside (tunica adventitia)that it is forming from colloid and elastic fibers that link the vessel with the surrounding tissues.
The vein consist of the same layers (three tunicae) with a difference in the thickness and nature of the forming layers according to type, nature and function of the vessel (the vein) where as the quantity of colloid fibers is increasing between the muscle cells layer so more than that in the artery, also it appears that the vein opening is larger than the artery opening (B. Yong and J.W.health, 2000).
Diabetes is one of the wide spread diseases, where as the genetics, environmental factors and other effects are playing an important role in its appearance. So diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease may by distinguished by in increasing in sugar level in the blood or what calls Hyperglycemia, due to a relative or total deficiency in insulin that is secreted from the pancreas cells of betatype that found in islets of langerhans causing a deficit in equilibrium in carbohydrates and proteins assimilation (crger et al, 1996).

The materials and work method:
Samples (1cm) have been taken from the umbilical cord of the placentas of the pregnant women who are complaing of with the pregnancy diabetes, and sections of umbilical cord from women having a health pregnancy considered as a (control) for purpose of the histopathological comparison diameters size of the blood vessels. After washing the samples by using phosphate buffer (BPS), the sample preserved in formalin solution (10%) for purpose of preparing the samples in order to make a microscopic sections according to (Bancrott & stevens, 1992), so that stains like himatoxylin and eosin have been used and compared with PAC stains and trichrom by using Olympus light microscope, as for the diameters of the blood vessels of the umbilical cord (artery, vein), Morphometric method has (Abd Al-Wahab, 2002).
The results and discussion : The histopathological changes occurring in the histolaryars that  (Delia, 1990).
The changes occurring in the blood vessel of the umbilical cord are called diabetic angiopthy, due to a change in the chemical structure of the basic membrane of the endothelial cell, causing a change in the cellular function and a change in the character of blood flow, in addition to a decrease in blood ability for carrying oxygen (Bailes, 2002).
Measuring of (diameter, thickness) of the blood vessel (artery, vein) for the umbilical cord : The table (1)  (2.56± 0.14) µm. Where as that states existing moral differences at probability level (p>0.05).